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Background  Members of the genus  Planococcus  have been revealed to utilize and degrade solvents such as aromatic hydrocarbons and alkanes, and likely to acquire tolerance to solvents. A yellow marine bacterium  Planococcus maritimus  strain iso-3 was isolated from an intertidal sediment that looked industrially polluted, from the Clyde estuary in the UK. This bacterium was found to produce a yellow acyclic carotenoid with a basic carbon 30 (C 30 ) structure, which was determined to be methyl 5-glucosyl-5,6-dihydro-4,4′-diapolycopenoate. In the present study, we tried to isolate and identify genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis from this marine bacterium, and to produce novel or rare C 30 -carotenoids with anti-oxidative activity in  Escherichia coli  by combinations of the isolated genes.    Results  A carotenoid biosynthesis gene cluster was found out through sequence analysis of the  P. maritimus  genomic DNA. This cluster consisted of seven carotenoid biosynthesis candidate genes ( orf1–7 ). Then, we isolated the individual genes and analyzed the functions of these genes by expressing them in  E. coli . The results indicated that  orf2  and  orf1  encoded 4,4′-diapophytoene synthase (CrtM) and 4,4′-diapophytoene desaturase (CrtNa), respectively. Furthermore,  orf4  and  orf5  were revealed to code for hydroxydiaponeurosporene desaturase (CrtNb) and glucosyltransferase (GT), respectively. By utilizing these carotenoid biosynthesis genes, we produced five intermediate C 30 -carotenoids. Their structural determination showed that two of them were novel compounds, 5-hydroxy-5,6-dihydro-4,4′-diaponeurosporene and 5-glucosyl-5,6-dihydro-4,4′-diapolycopene, and that one rare carotenoid 5-hydroxy-5,6-dihydro-4,4′-diapolycopene is included there. Moderate singlet oxygen-quenching activities were observed in the five C 30 -carotenoids including the two novel and one rare compounds.    Conclusions  The carotenoid biosynthesis genes from  P. maritimus  strain iso-3, were isolated and functionally identified. Furthermore, we were able to produce two novel and one rare C 30 -carotenoids in  E. coli , followed by positive evaluations of their singlet oxygen-quenching activities.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01683-3.

Heterologous production of novel and rare C30-carotenoids using Planococcus carotenoid biosynthesis genes