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Background  4-Hydroxycinnamyl alcohols are a class of natural plant secondary metabolites that include  p -coumaryl alcohol, caffeyl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol, and have physiological, ecological and biomedical significance. While it is necessary to investigate the biological pathways and economic value of these alcohols, research is hindered because of their limited availability and high cost. Traditionally, these alcohols are obtained by chemical synthesis and plant extraction. However, synthesis by biotransformation with immobilized microorganisms is of great interest because it is environmentally friendly and offers high stability and regenerable cofactors. Therefore, we produced 4-hydroxycinnamyl alcohols using immobilized whole cells of engineered  Escherichia coli  as the biocatalyst.    Results  In this study, we used the recombinant  E. coli  strain, M15–4CL1–CCR, expressing the fusion protein 4-coumaric acid: coenzyme A ligase and the cinnamoyl coenzyme A reductase and a recombinant  E. coli  strain, M15–CAD, expressing cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase from  Populus tomentosa  ( P. tomentosa ). High performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry showed that the immobilized whole cells of the two recombinant  E. coli  strains could effectively convert the phenylpropanoic acids to their corresponding 4-hydroxycinnamyl alcohols. Further, the optimum buffer pH and the reaction temperature were pH 7.0 and 30 °C. Under these conditions, the molar yield of the  p -coumaryl alcohol, the caffeyl alcohol and the coniferyl alcohol was around 58, 24 and 60%, respectively. Moreover, the highly sensitive and selective HPLC–PDA–ESI–MSn method used in this study could be applied to the identification and quantification of these aromatic polymers.    Conclusions  We have developed a dual-cell immobilization system for the production of 4 - hydroxycinnamyl alcohols from inexpensive phenylpropanoic acids. This biotransformation method is both simple and environmental-friendly, which is promising for the practical and cost effective synthesis of natural products.  Graphical abstract   Biotransformation process of phenylpropanoic acids by immobilized whole-cells

microbial cell factories

Three steps in one pot: biosynthesis of 4-hydroxycinnamyl alcohols using immobilized whole cells of two genetically engineered Escherichia coli strains