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Background  The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are 8 international development goals voluntarily adopted by 189 nations. The goals included health related aims to reduce the under-five child mortality rate by two-thirds (MDG4), and to reduce the maternal mortality ratio by three-quarters (MDG5). To assess the relationship between the healthcare workforce and MDGs 4–5, we examined the physician workforces of countries around the globe, in terms of the Physician Density Level (PDL, or number of physicians per 1000 population), and compared this rate across a number of years to several indicator variables specified as markers of progress towards MDG4 and MDG5.    Methods  Data for each variable of interest were obtained from the World Bank’s Millennium Development Goals and World Development Indicators databases for 208 countries and territories from 2004 to 2014, representing a ten-year period for which the most information is available. We analyzed the relationships between MDG outcomes and PDL, controlling for national income levels and other covariates, using linear mixed model regression. Dependent variables were logarithmically transformed to meet assumptions necessary for multivariate analysis.    Results  In unadjusted models, an increase of every one physician per 1000 population (one unit change in PDL) lowered the risk of not being vaccinated for measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) to 29.3% ( p  < 0.001, 95% CI: 22.2%–38.7%) and for not receiving diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTaP) vaccination rate decreased to 38.5% ( p  < 0.001, 95% CI: 28.7% - 51.7%). Maternal mortality rate decreased to 76.6% ( p  < 0.001, 95% CI: 74.3% - 79.0%), neonatal mortality decreased to 58.8% ( p  < 0.001, 95% CI: 54.8% - 63.2%) and under-5 mortality rate decreased to 52.1% ( p  < 0.001, 95% CI: 48.0% - 56.4%), with every one-unit change in PDL. Adjusted models tended to reflect unadjusted risk assessments.    Conclusion  The maintenance and improvement of the health workforce is a vital consideration when assessing how to achieve global development goals related to health outcomes.

Analysis of the association between millennium development goals 4 & 5 and the physician workforce across international economic strata