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Background  The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of patient portal adoption on patients’ primary care utilization and appointment adherence.    Methods  We conducted a retrospective observational study using a panel difference-in-differences (DID) framework to investigate the use of primary care services by patients, adjusting for their disease burden and allowing for time-dependent portal effect. A large dataset with 46,544 patients of University of Florida (UF) Health during the study period July 2013 – June 2016 was used. The main outcome measures are disease burden adjusted rates of office visits arrived, no-show, and cancellation to primary care physicians (PCPs) per quarter between patient portal adopters (denoted as users) and non-users.    Results  At the time of adoption, the quarterly PCP office visit rate ratio (RR) of patient portal users to non-users was 1.33 (95% CI, 1.27–1.39;  p  < 0.001). The RRs were between 0.94 to 0.99 up to four quarters after portal adoption ( p  = 0.749, 0.100, 0.131, and 0.091, respectively), and were significantly less than one at the seventh (RR =0.82; 95% CI, 0.73–0.91;  p  < 0.001) and the eighth (RR = 0.80; 95% CI, 0.70–0.90;  p  < 0.001) quarters post adoption. The quarterly no-show rates of the users were significantly smaller (RRs were between 0.60 and 0.83) except for the seventh, eighth and tenth quarters post adoption. In these three quarters, the no-show rates were not significantly changed ( p  = 0.645, 0.295, and 0.436, respectively). Quarterly cancellation rates were not significantly affected by portal adoption ( p  > 0.05 for all cases).    Conclusions  Patient portal users’ disease burden adjusted PCP office visit rate was significantly reduced in one and a half year and thereafter post portal adoption. PCP appointment no-show rate was also significantly reduced and cancellation rate was not affected, implying improved care engagement of patients.

On the effect of electronic patient portal on primary care utilization and appointment adherence