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Background  The achievement goal theory defines two major foci of students’ learning goals (1) primarily interested in truly mastering a task (mastery orientation), and (2) striving to show ones competences to others (performance orientation). The present study is undertaken to better understand if and how health profession students’ goal orientations change during the undergraduate program and to what degree gender, academic achievement, and self-efficacy are associated with mastery and performance orientation  between  students and  within  students over time.    Method  By means of an online questionnaire, students of medical, pharmaceutical, and veterinary sciences ( N  = 2402) were asked to rate themselves on mastery orientation, performance orientation, and self-efficacy at the beginning of five consecutive semesters. Data on grades and gender were drawn from university’s files. Multilevel analyses were used for data analysis.    Results  Students’ goal orientations showed relative stability over time, but substantial fluctuations  within  individual students were found. These fluctuations were associated with fluctuations in self-efficacy. Students’ gender, high school grades, study grades, and self-efficacy were all associated with differences in mastery or performance orientation  between  students. Self-efficacy was the strongest predictor for mastery orientation and grades for performance orientation.    Conclusions  The relatively strong association between the goal orientations and students’ self-efficacy found in this study emphasizes the potential of enhancing self-efficacy in health profession students. Also, for educators and researchers, fluctuations of both goal orientations  within  individual students are important to consider.

Goal orientations of health profession students throughout the undergraduate program: a multilevel study