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Background  Non-healing wounds have been a severe issue in the global healthcare system. Regrettably, royal jelly, a traditional remedy for various skin injuries, has not been widely applied in cutaneous wounds in clinical practice nowadays, which may be due to the confusion and the lack of knowledge about the efficacies of different types of royal jelly, the bioactive constituents, and the precise mechanisms underlying the wound repairing activity. Since the compositions and bioactivities of royal jelly are predominantly influenced by nectar plants, this study aims to explore the differences in the wound-healing properties of royal jelly produced by  Apis mellifera  L. during the blossom seasons of different floral sources, to provide guidelines for the future rational application of royal jelly in cutaneous wounds, and to promote the further discovery of wound repair-promoting substances.    Methods  Royal jelly samples were harvested during flowering seasons of  Castanea mollissima  Bl. (chestnut) and  Brassica napus  L. (rapeseed) in South China, from which hydrophilic and lipophilic fractions were extracted. The in vivo wound-healing potential was preliminarily assessed in Wistar rats’ excisional full-thickness wounds, followed by investigating the mechanisms of action through in vitro assays with human epidermal keratinocytes and LPS-stimulated inflammation in macrophages.    Results  The results indicated that different royal jelly samples exhibited distinct wound-healing potential, in which  Castanea mollissima  Bl. royal jelly was more potent. It sped up wound closure between day 2 and day 4 to 0.25 cm 2 /day ( p  < 0.05), and could accelerate wound repair by enhancing the proliferative and migratory capabilities of keratinocytes by 50.9% ( p  < 0.001) and 14.9% ( p  < 0.001), modulating inflammation through inhibiting nitric oxide production by 46.2% ( p  < 0.001), and promoting cell growth through increasing the secretion of transforming growth factor-β by 44.7% ( p  < 0.001). In contrast,  Brassica napus  L. royal jelly could regulate inflammation by reducing the amount of tumour necrosis factor-α by 21.3% ( p  < 0.001).    Conclusions  The present study improves the application of royal jelly for curing difficult-to-heal wounds, in which the hydrosoluble extract of  Castanea mollissima  Bl. royal jelly promises the greatest potential. It also provides clues which may lead towards the identification of substances derived from royal jelly to treat wounds.

bmc complementary medicine and therapies

The in vitro and in vivo wound-healing effects of royal jelly derived from Apis mellifera L. during blossom seasons of Castanea mollissima Bl. and Brassica napus L. in South China exhibited distinct patterns