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Background  Cancer cachexia is associated with increased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels.  Centella asiatica  ( C. asiatica ) possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumour potential. We investigated the modulation of antioxidants, cytokines and cell death by  C. asiatica  ethanolic leaf extract (C LE ) in leukaemic THP-1 cells and normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC’s).    Methods  Cytotoxcity of C LE  was determined at 24 and 72 h (h). Oxidant scavenging activity of C LE  was evaluated using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Glutathione (GSH) levels, caspase (−8, −9, −3/7) activities and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels (Luminometry) were then assayed. The levels of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β and IL-10 were also assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay.    Results  C LE  decreased PBMC viability between 33.25–74.55% (24 h: 0.2–0.8 mg/ml C LE  and 72 h: 0.4–0.8 mg/ml C LE ) and THP-1 viability by 28.404% (72 h: 0.8 mg/ml C LE ) ( p  < 0.0001). Oxidant scavenging activity was increased by C LE  (0.05–0.8 mg/ml) ( p  < 0.0001). PBMC TNF-α and IL-10 levels were decreased by C LE  (0.05–0.8 mg/ml) ( p  < 0.0001). However, PBMC IL-6 and IL-1β concentrations were increased at 0.05–0.2 mg/ml C LE  but decreased at 0.4 mg/ml C LE  ( p  < 0.0001). In THP-1 cells, C LE  (0.2–0.8 mg/ml) decreased IL-1β and IL-6 whereas increased IL-10 levels ( p  < 0.0001). In both cell lines, C LE  (0.05–0.2 mg/ml, 24 and 72 h) increased GSH concentrations ( p  < 0.0001). At 24 h, caspase (−9, −3/7) activities was increased by C LE  (0.05–0.8 mg/ml) in PBMC’s whereas decreased by C LE  (0.2–0.4 mg/ml) in THP-1 cells ( p  < 0.0001). At 72 h, C LE  (0.05–0.8 mg/ml) decreased caspase (−9, −3/7) activities and ATP levels in both cell lines ( p  < 0.0001).    Conclusion  In PBMC’s and THP-1 cells, C LE  proved to effectively modulate antioxidant activity, inflammatory cytokines and cell death. In THP-1 cells, C LE  decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels whereas it increased anti-inflammatory cytokine levels which may alleviate cancer cachexia.

bmc complementary and alternative medicine

Centella asiatica modulates cancer cachexia associated inflammatory cytokines and cell death in leukaemic THP-1 cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC’s)