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Background  This study aimed to investigate, if different physiological concentrations of vitamin D (25(OH)D 3 ) and single nucleotide polymorphisms in vitamin D receptor ( VDR ) gene have an impact on gene expression in human periodontal ligament (hPDL) fibroblasts induced by simulated orthodontic compressive strain.Methods  A pool of hPDL fibroblasts was treated in absence or presence of 25(OH)D 3  in 3 different concentrations (10, 40 and 60 ng/ml). In order to evaluate the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the  VDR  gene, hPDL fibroblasts from 9 patients were used and treated in absence or presence of 40 ng/ml 25(OH)D 3 . Each experiment was performed with and without simulated orthodontic compressive strain. Real-time PCR was used for gene expression and allelic discrimination analysis. Relative expression of dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7), Sec23 homolog A, amidohydrolase domain containing 1 (AMDHD1), vitamin D 25-hydroxylase (CYP2R1), Hydroxyvitamin D-1-α hydroxylase, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and interleukin-6 (IL6) was assessed. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms in  VDR  were genotyped. Parametric or non-parametric tests were used with an alpha of 5%.    Results   RANKL, RANKL:OPG  ratio,  COX-2, IL-6, DHCR7, CYP2R1  and  AMDHD1  were differentially expressed during simulated orthodontic compressive strain ( p  < 0.05). The  RANKL:OPG  ratio was downregulated by all concentrations (10 ng/ml, 40 ng/ml and 60 ng/ml) of 25(OH)D 3  (mean = 0.96 ± 0.68, mean = 1.61 ± 0.66 and mean = 1.86 ± 0.78, respectively) in comparison to the control (mean 2.58 ± 1.16) ( p  < 0.05).  CYP2R1  gene expression was statistically modulated by the different 25(OH)D 3  concentrations applied ( p  = 0.008). Samples from individuals carrying the GG genotype in rs739837 presented lower  VDR  mRNA expression and samples from individuals carrying the CC genotype in rs7975232 presented higher  VDR  mRNA expression ( p  < 0.05).    Conclusions  Simulated orthodontic compressive strain and physiological concentrations of 25(OH)D 3  seem to regulate the expression of orthodontic tooth movement and vitamin-D-related genes in periodontal ligament fibroblasts in the context of orthodontic compressive strain. Our study also suggests that single nucleotide polymorphisms in the  VDR  gene regulate VDR expression in periodontal ligament fibroblasts in the context of orthodontic compressive strain.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-021-01740-8.

bmc oral health

The role of 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 and vitamin D receptor gene in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts as response to orthodontic compressive strain: an in vitro study