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Background  Despite the growing number of rural–urban migrant children in China, follow-up observation on the oral health of migrant children is still scarce. This study described the changes of oral health knowledge, behaviors and parental practices in migrant children over a period of one year. Possible factors affecting changes were also investigated.    Methods  The study used purposive sampling to select five private schools of migrant children in Guangzhou. A total of 1900 students in Grades 3 and 4 were recruited. A self-administered questionnaire was used in November 2011 to understand their basic situations, including oral health knowledge, behaviors and parental practices. A final survey was conducted in April 2013 to detect any changes.    Results  The mean accuracy of oral health knowledge was 53.17% and 59.42% in 2011 and 2013, respectively ( p  < 0.001). For migrant children, the total score of oral hygiene, dietary habits and parental practices increased at the follow-up evaluation ( p  < 0.05). Children with less oral health knowledge were more likely to achieve significantly positive changes in score of knowledge ( p  < 0.001) in the final survey. Migrant children who had worse performance on oral hygiene (beta estimate = 0.68,  p  < 0.001), dietary habits (beta estimate = 0.58,  p  < 0.001) and good parental practices in the baseline survey were more likely to obtain beneficial changes. No significant associations between demographic characteristics and changes of oral health knowledge and behaviors ( p  > 0.05) were observed.    Conclusion  Oral health knowledge, behaviors and parental practices among migrant children significantly improved at the follow-up assessment. However, the overall situation was still poor. Positive and effective health education and prevention programs tailored to rural–urban migrant children with varying levels of oral health knowledge, behaviors and parental practices will be needed.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12903-017-0385-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Oral health knowledge, behaviors and parental practices among rural–urban migrant children in Guangzhou: a follow-up study