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Background  Although there is abundant evidence indicating the relative contribution of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and β-cell dysfunction (HOMA-β) among first-degree relatives (FDRs) of Type 2 DM patients, few studies reported the association between HOMA-IR and HOMA-β with metabolic syndrome. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of metabolic syndrome factors on HOMA-IR, HOMA-β and glycoproteins in non-diabetic FDRs.    Methods  In this study, 103 Yemeni male subjects aged 25–42 years, with BMI < 25 kg/m 2  were examined, 39 of whom were normal subjects with no family history of diabetes served as control and 64 subjects were non-diabetic FDRs of Type 2 DM patients.    Results  Both glycoproteins, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and fructosamine as well as insulin, HOMA-IR and HOMA-β were significantly ( p  = 4.9 × 10 −9 ; 6.0 × 10 −8 ; 6.6 × 10 −12 ; 1.3 × 10 −7 ; 5.5 × 10 −12 , respectively) higher in non-diabetic FDRs as compared to control group. Fasting plasma glucose, though within normal range, were significantly ( p  = 0.026) higher in non-diabetic FDRs. Linear regression analysis showed that both TG and WC are the main metabolic syndrome factors that significantly increased HOMA-IR (B = 0.334,  p  = 1.97 × 10 −6 ; B = 0.024,  p  = 1.05 × 10 −5 ), HOMA-β (B = 16.8,  p  = 6.8 × 10 −5 ; B = 0.95,  p  = 0.004), insulin (B = 16.5,  p  = 1.2 × 10 −6 ; B = 1.19,  p  = 8.3 × 10 −6 ) and HbA1c (B = 0.001,  p  = 0.034; B = 0.007,  p  = 0.037).    Conclusion  Triglyceride and WC are the important metabolic syndrome factors associated with insulin resistance, basal β-cell function and insulin levels in non-diabetic FDR men of Type 2 DM patients. Moreover, FDRs showed insulin resistance with compensatory β-cell function (hyperinsulinaemia) suggesting that insulin resistance precede the development of pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in individuals at risk of Type 2 DM.

Impact of triglycerides and waist circumference on insulin resistance and β-cell function in non-diabetic first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetes