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Background  This study aimed to investigate the occurrence and risk factors of thyroid dysfunction (TD) in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection in Taiwan.    Methods  The data in this study were obtained from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research (Taiwan NHIR) database between 2001 and 2013. CHC patients treated with pegylated interferon/ribavirin (PEG-IFN/RBV) were enrolled as case patients, and nontreated CHC patients were enrolled as controls and were matched at a control:case ratio of 3:1 by index date, age (± 3 years), and sex. We compared the cumulative incidence of TD between the cohorts at follow-up until 2013.    Results  During the study period, 3810 cases and 9393 controls were included in the study. Among the study subjects, 173 (4.5%) case patients and 244 (2.6%) controls were diagnosed with TD during the follow-up period. The types of TD were hypothyroidism (42.9%), hyperthyroidism (31.2%), and thyroiditis (25.9%). Compared to controls during the 13-year follow-up, patients treated with PEG-IFN/RBV had a higher incidence rate of TD ( P  < 0.0001), as determined using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed that female sex (adjusted hazard ratio (HR): 1.49; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.23–1.75;  P  < 0.001), treatment with PEG-IFN/RBV (HR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.38–2.06;  P  < 0.001), hyperlipidemia (HR: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.12–1.71;  P  < 0.001), and past history of goiter (HR: 6.40; 95% CI: 5.00–8.18;  P  < 0.001) were independent predictors for the development of TD.    Conclusions  PEG-IFN/RBV treatment may be an independent risk factor for thyroid dysfunction among patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Monitoring thyroid function keenly during PEG-IFN/RBV therapy in patients with chronic HCV infection is recommended for clinicians, especially for female patients and for patients with a history of hyperlipidemia and goiter.

bmc endocrine disorders

Long-term outcomes and risk factors of thyroid dysfunction during pegylated interferon and ribavirin treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection in Taiwan