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Background  In the treatment of lung cancer, the presence or absence of mediastinal lymph node involvement has a significant bearing on the indication for surgery. In addition, if a tumor is found in the trachea during preoperative scrutiny of lung cancer, the possibility of intratracheal metastasis should be considered, since this kind of metastasis is a contraindication for surgery. In the present study, we experienced a case of lung cancer associated with pneumoconiosis and a rare intratracheal leiomyoma. In this case, preoperative staging was difficult, but endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) and intratracheal tumor biopsy were helpful in determining the treatment strategy.    Case presentation  A 65-year-old man was referred to our hospital for evaluation of abnormal chest X-ray shadows. Sputum cytology indicated squamous cell carcinoma. PET-CT scan showed fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in a right upper lobe mass and the hilar, mediastinal and right supraclavicular lymph nodes, and bronchoscopy revealed a protuberant lesion in the left bronchus. Hence, EBUS-TBNA for the mediastinal lymph nodes and simultaneous evaluation of the protuberant lesion in the left bronchus were performed. The bronchial tumor was histopathologically diagnosed as leiomyoma. Since mediastinal lymph node biopsy showed no malignant cells, a right upper lobectomy and a right S6 segmentectomy were performed. Postoperative pathological evaluation of the dissected lymph nodes revealed pneumoconiosis but no metastasis. He was, thus, diagnosed with squamous cell lung carcinoma (pT2bN0M0, pStage IIA).    Conclusions  We report a patient with lung cancer and coexistence of a rare endobronchial leiomyoma and pneumoconiosis, who underwent surgery after preoperative evaluation using EBUS-TBNA.

First case of lung cancer with pneumoconiosis and endobronchial leiomyoma complicating the diagnosis