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Compressed Sensing (CS) and parallel imaging are two promising techniques that accelerate the MRI acquisition process. Combining these two techniques is of great interest due to the complementary information used in each. In this study, we proposed a novel reconstruction framework that effectively combined compressed sensing and nonlinear parallel imaging technique for dynamic cardiac imaging. Specifically, the proposed method decouples the reconstruction process into two sequential steps: In the first step, a series of aliased dynamic images were reconstructed from the highly undersampled k-space data using compressed sensing; In the second step, nonlinear parallel imaging technique, i.e. nonlinear GRAPPA, was utilized to reconstruct the original dynamic images from the reconstructed k-space data obtained from the first step. In addition, we also proposed a tailored k-space down-sampling scheme that satisfies both the incoherent undersampling requirement for CS and the structured undersampling requirement for nonlinear parallel imaging. The proposed method was validated using four in vivo experiments of dynamic cardiac cine MRI with retrospective undersampling. Experimental results showed that the proposed method is superior at reducing aliasing artifacts and preserving the spatial details and temporal variations, compared with the competing k-t FOCUSS and k-t FOCUSS with sensitivity encoding methods, with the same numbers of measurements.

Joint reconstruction framework of compressed sensing and nonlinear parallel imaging for dynamic cardiac magnetic resonance imaging