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Background   Helicobacter pylori  chronic infection is associated with chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. Cytotoxin-associated gene A ( cagA )-positive  H. pylori  strains increase the risk of gastric pathology. The carcinogenic potential of CagA is linked to its polymorphic EPIYA motif variants. The goals of this study were to investigate the frequency of  cagA -positive  Helicobacter pylori  in Mexican patients with gastric pathologies and to assess the association of  cagA  EPIYA motif patterns with peptic ulcer and gastric cancer.    Methods  A total of 499 patients were studied; of these, 402 had chronic gastritis, 77 had peptic ulcer, and 20 had gastric cancer.  H. pylori  DNA,  cagA , and the EPIYA motifs were detected in total DNA from gastric biopsies by PCR. The type and number of EPIYA segments were determined by the electrophoretic patterns. To confirm the PCR results, 20 amplicons of the  cagA  3′ variable region were sequenced, and analyzed  in silico , and the amino acid sequence was predicted with MEGA software, version 5. The odds ratio (OR) was calculated to determine the associations between the EPIYA motif type and gastric pathology and between the number of EPIYA-C segments and peptic ulcers and gastric cancer.    Results   H. pylori  DNA was found in 287 (57.5%) of the 499 patients, and 214 (74%) of these patients were  cagA -positive. The frequency of  cagA -positive  H. pylori  was 74.6% (164/220) in chronic gastritis patients, 73.6% (39/53) in peptic ulcer patients, and 78.6% (11/14) in gastric cancer patients. The EPIYA-ABC pattern was more frequently observed in chronic gastritis patients (79.3%, 130/164), while the EPIYA-ABCC sequence was more frequently observed in peptic ulcer (64.1%, 25/39) and gastric cancer patients (54.5%, 6/11). However, the risks of peptic ulcer (OR = 7.0, 95% CI = 3.3–15.1; p < 0.001) and gastric cancer (OR = 5.9, 95% CI = 1.5–22.1) were significantly increased in individuals who harbored the EPIYA-ABCC  cagA  gene pattern.    Conclusions   cagA -positive  H. pylori  is highly prevalent in southern Mexico, and all CagA variants were of the western type. The  cagA  alleles that code for EPIYA-ABCC motif patterns are associated with peptic ulcers and gastric cancer.

The EPIYA-ABCC motif pattern in CagA of Helicobacter pyloriis associated with peptic ulcer and gastric cancer in Mexican population