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Background  Teosinte ear bears single spikelet, whereas maize ear bears paired spikelets, doubling the number of grains in each cupulate during maize domestication. In the past 20 years, genetic analysis of single vs. paired spikelets (PEDS) has been stagnant. A better understanding of genetic basis of PEDS could help fine mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) and cloning of genes.    Results  In this study, the advanced mapping populations (BC 3 F 2  and BC 4 F 2 ) of maize × teosinte were developed by phenotypic recurrent selection. Four genomic regions associated with PEDS were detected using QTL-seq, located on 194.64–299.52 Mb, 0–162.80 Mb, 12.82–97.17 Mb, and 125.06–157.01 Mb of chromosomes 1, 3, 6, and 8, respectively. Five QTL for PEDS were identified in the regions of QTL-seq using traditional QTL mapping. Each QTL explained 1.12–38.05% of the phenotypic variance (PVE); notably, QTL  qPEDS3.1  with the average PVE of 35.29% was identified in all tests. Moreover, 14 epistatic QTL were detected, with the total PVE of 47.57–66.81% in each test. The QTL  qPEDS3.1  overlapped with, or was close to, one locus of 7 epistatic QTL. Near-isogenic lines (NILs) of QTL  qPEDS1.1 ,  qPEDS3.1 ,  qPEDS6.1 , and  qPEDS8.1  were constructed. All individuals of NIL- qPEDS6.1 (MT1) and NIL- qPEDS8.1 (MT1) showed paired spikelets (PEDS = 0), but the flowering time was 7 days shorter in the NIL- qPEDS8.1 (MT1). The ratio of plants with PEDS > 0 was low (1/18 to 3/18) in the NIL- qPEDS1.1 (MT1) and NIL- qPEDS3.1 (MT1), maybe due to the epistatic effect.    Conclusion  Our results suggested that major QTL, minor QTL, epistasis and photoperiod were associated with the variation of PEDS, which help us better understand the genetic basis of PEDS and provide a genetic resource for fine mapping of QTL.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12870-021-03353-3.

bmc plant biology

Combining QTL-seq and linkage mapping to uncover the genetic basis of single vs. paired spikelets in the advanced populations of two-ranked maize×teosinte