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Background  Reproduction in most flowering plants may be limited because of the decreased visitation or activity of pollinators in fragmented habitats.  Hedysarum scoparium  Fisch. et Mey. is an arid region shrub with ecological importance. We explored the pollen limitation and seed set of  Hedysarum scoparium  in fragmented and restored environments, and examined whether pollen limitation is a significant limiting factor for seed set. We also compared floral traits and pollinator visitation between both habitats, and we determined the difference of floral traits and pollinators influenced reproductive success in  Hedysarum scoparium .    Results  Our results indicated that supplementation with pollen significantly increased seed set per flower, which is pollen-limited in this species. Furthermore, there was greater seed set of the hand cross-pollination group in the restored habitat compared to the fragmented environment. More visits by  Apis mellifera  were recorded in the restored habitats, which may explain the difference in seed production between the fragmented and restored habitats.    Conclusions  In this study, a positive association between pollinator visitation frequency and open flower number was observed. The findings of this study are important for experimentally quantifying the effects of floral traits and pollinators on plant reproductive success in different habitats.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12870-021-03211-2.

bmc plant biology

Comparative effects of pollen limitation, floral traits and pollinators on reproductive success of Hedysarum scoparium Fisch. et Mey. in different habitats