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Background  Rice ( Oryza sativa ) bacterial leaf blight (BLB), caused by the hemibiotrophic  Xanthomonas oryzae  pv.  oryzae  ( Xoo ), is one of the most devastating diseases affecting the production of rice worldwide. The development and use of resistant rice varieties or genes is currently the most effective strategy to control BLB.    Results  Here, we used 259 rice accessions, which are genotyped with 2 888 332 high-confidence single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Combining resistance variation data of 259 rice lines for two  Xoo  races observed in 2 years, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) conferring plant resistance against BLB. The expression levels of genes, which contains in GWAS results were also identified between the resistant and susceptible rice lines by transcriptome analysis at four time points after pathogen inoculation. From that 109 candidate resistance genes showing significant differential expression between resistant and susceptible rice lines were uncovered. Furthermore, the haplotype block structure analysis predicted 58 candidate genes for BLB resistance based on Chr. 7_707158 with a minimum  P -value (–log 10  P  = 9.72). Among them, two NLR protein-encoding genes, LOC_Os07g02560 and LOC_Os07g02570, exhibited significantly high expression in the resistant line, but had low expression in the susceptible line of rice.    Conclusions  Together, our results reveal novel BLB resistance gene resources, and provide important genetic basis for BLB resistance breeding of rice crops.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12870-021-03041-2.

Genome-wide association study and transcriptome analysis discover new genes for bacterial leaf blight resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L.)