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Background  Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) belong to the class of molecular chaperones that respond to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. A previous study has showed strong induction of the gene Gm Hsp 22.4 in response to the nematode  Meloidogyne javanica  in a resistant soybean genotype, while repression in a susceptible one. This study aimed to investigate the functional involvement of this small chaperone in response to  M. javanica  in  Arabidopsis thaliana . First, it was evaluated the activation of the promoter region after the nematode inoculation, and the occurrence of polymorphisms between resistant and susceptible re-sequenced soybean accessions. Then functional analysis using  A. thaliana  lines overexpressing the soybean Gm Hsp 22.4 gene, and knocked-out mutants were challenged with  M. javanica  infestation.    Results  High expression levels of the GFP gene marker in transformed  A. thaliana  plants revealed that the promoter region of Gm Hsp 22.4 was strongly activated after nematode inoculation. Moreover, the multiplication of the nematode was significantly reduced in plants overexpressing Gm Hsp 22.4 gene in  A. thaliana  compared to the wild type. Additionally, the multiplication of  M. javanica  in the  A. thaliana  mutants was significantly increased mainly in the event  athsp 22.0–2. This increase was not that evident in the event  athsp 22.0–1, the one that preserved a portion of the promoter region, including the HSEs in the region around − 83 bp. However, structural analysis at sequence level among soybean resistant and susceptible genotypes did not detect any polymorphisms in the whole gene model.    Conclusions  The soybean chaperone Gm Hsp 22.4 is involved in the defense response to root-knot nematode  M. javanica  in  A. thaliana . Specifically, the promoter region covering until − 191 from the transcriptional start site (TSS) is necessary to promoter activation after nematode infection in Arabidopsis. No polymorphisms that could explain these differences in the defense response were detected in the Gm Hsp 22.4 gene between resistant and susceptible soybean genotypes. Therefore, further investigation is needed to elucidate the triggering factor of the plant’s defense mechanism, both at the sequence level of the soybean genotypes presenting contrasting reaction to root-knot nematode and by detecting cis-elements that are essential for the activation of the Gm Hsp 22.4 gene promoter.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12870-020-02736-2.

The soybean gene GmHsp22.4 is involved in the resistance response to Meloidogyne javanica in Arabidopsis thaliana