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Background    Verticillium dahliae  is a phytopathogenic fungal pathogen that causes vascular wilt diseases responsible for considerable decreases in cotton yields. The complex mechanism underlying cotton resistance to  Verticillium  wilt remains uncharacterized. Identifying an endogenous resistance gene may be useful for controlling this disease.    Results  We cloned the  ribosomal protein L18  ( GaRPL18)  gene, which mediates resistance to  Verticillium  wilt, from a wilt-resistant cotton species ( Gossypium arboreum ). We then characterized the function of this gene in cotton and  Arabidopsis thaliana  plants.  GaRPL18  encodes a 60S ribosomal protein subunit important for intracellular protein biosynthesis. However, previous studies revealed that some ribosomal proteins are also inhibitory toward oncogenesis and congenital diseases in humans and play a role in plant disease defense. Here, we observed that  V. dahliae  infections induce  GaRPL18  expression. Furthermore, we determined that the  GaRPL18  expression pattern is consistent with the disease resistance level of different cotton varieties.  GaRPL18  expression is upregulated by salicylic acid (SA) treatments, suggesting the involvement of  GaRPL18  in the SA signal transduction pathway. Virus-induced gene silencing technology was used to determine whether the  GaRPL18  expression level influences cotton disease resistance .  Wilt-resistant cotton species in which  GaRPL18  was silenced became more susceptible to  V. dahliae  than the control plants because of a significant decrease in the abundance of immune-related molecules. We also transformed  A. thaliana  ecotype Columbia (Col-0) plants with  GaRPL18  according to the floral dip method .  The plants overexpressing  GaRPL18  were more resistant to  V. dahliae  infections than the wild-type Col-0 plants .  The enhanced resistance of transgenic  A. thaliana  plants to  V. dahliae  is likely mediated by the SA pathway.    Conclusion  Our findings provide new insights into the role of  GaRPL18 , indicating that it plays a crucial role in resistance to cotton “cancer”, also known as  Verticillium  wilt, mainly regulated by an SA-related signaling pathway mechanism.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-017-1007-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Salicylic acid-related cotton (Gossypium arboreum) ribosomal protein GaRPL18 contributes to resistance to Verticillium dahliae