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Background  In the last few decades, considerable attention has been paid to entomopathogenic fungi as biocontrol agents, however little is known about their mode of action and safety. This study aimed to investigate the toxicity of  Aspergillus flavus  in insect  Spodoptera litura  by analyzing the effect of fungal extract on antioxidant and cellular immune defense. In antioxidant defense, the lipid peroxidation (Malondialdehyde content) and antioxidant enzymes activities (Catalase, Ascorbate peroxidase, Superoxide dismutase) were examined. In cellular immune defense, effect of  A. flavus  extract was analyzed on haemocytes using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, mammalian toxicity was analyzed with respect to DNA damage induced in treated rat relative to control by comet assay using different tissues of rat (blood, liver, and kidney).    Results  Ethyl acetate extract of  A. flavus  was administrated to the larvae of  S.litura  using artificial diet method having concentration 1340.84 μg/ml (LC 50  of fungus). The effect was observed using haemolymph of insect larvae for different time intervals (24, 48, 72 and 96). In particular, Malondialdehyde content and antioxidant enzymes activities were found to be significantly ( p  ≤ 0.05) increased in treated larvae as compared to control.  A. flavus  ethyl acetate extract also exhibit negative impact on haemocytes having major role in cellular immune defense. Various deformities were observed in different haemocytes like cytoplasmic leakage and surface abnormalities etc. Genotoxicity on rat was assessed using different tissues of rat (blood, liver, and kidney) by comet assay. Non-significant effect of  A. flavus  extract was found in all the tissues (blood, liver, and kidney).    Conclusions  Overall the study provides important information regarding the oxidative stress causing potential and immunosuppressant nature of  A. flavus  against  S. litura  and its non toxicity to mammals (rat), mammals (rat), suggesting it an environment friendly pest management agent.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02249-4.

Aspergillus flavus induced oxidative stress and immunosuppressive activity in Spodoptera litura as well as safety for mammals