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Background  The antimicrobial resistance of clinical, environmental and control strains of the WHO “Priority 1: Critical group” organisms,  Acinetobacter baumannii ,  Escherichia coli ,  Klebsiella pneumoniae  and  Pseudomonas aeruginosa  to various classes of antibiotics, colistin and surfactin (biosurfactant) was determined.    Methods   Acinetobacter baumannii  was isolated from environmental samples and antibiotic resistance profiling was performed to classify the test organisms [ A. baumannii  ( n  = 6),  P. aeruginosa  ( n  = 5),  E. coli  ( n  = 7) and  K. pneumoniae  ( n  = 7)] as multidrug resistant (MDR) or extreme drug resistant (XDR). All the bacterial isolates ( n  = 25) were screened for colistin resistance and the mobilised colistin resistance ( mcr ) genes. Biosurfactants produced by  Bacillus amyloliquefaciens  ST34 were solvent extracted and characterised using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI–MS). The susceptibility of strains, exhibiting antibiotic and colistin resistance, to the crude surfactin extract (cell-free supernatant) was then determined.    Results  Antibiotic resistance profiling classified four  A. baumannii  (67%) ,  one  K. pneumoniae  (15%) and one  P. aeruginosa  (20%) isolate as XDR, with one  E. coli  (15%) and three  K. pneumoniae  (43%) strains classified as MDR. Many of the isolates [ A. baumannii  (25%),  E. coli  (80%),  K. pneumoniae  (100%) and  P. aeruginosa  (100%)] exhibited colistin resistance [minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ≥ 4 mg/L]; however, only one  E. coli  strain isolated from a clinical environment harboured the  mcr-1  gene. UPLC-MS analysis then indicated that the  B. amyloliquefaciens  ST34 produced C 13–16  surfactin analogues, which were identified as Srf1 to Srf5. The crude surfactin extract (10.00 mg/mL) retained antimicrobial activity (100%) against the MDR, XDR and colistin resistant  A. baumannii ,  P. aeruginosa ,  E. coli  and  K. pneumoniae  strains.    Conclusion  Clinical, environmental and control strains of  A. baumannii ,  P. aeruginosa ,  E. coli  and  K. pneumoniae  exhibiting MDR and XDR profiles and colistin resistance, were susceptible to surfactin analogues, confirming that this lipopeptide shows promise for application in clinical settings.

Exploring the antimicrobial resistance profiles of WHO critical priority list bacterial strains