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Background  Insect pests belonging to genus Bactrocera sp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) pose major biotic stress on various fruits and vegetable crops around the world. Zeugodacus and Bactrocera sp. are associated with diverse bacterial communities which play an important role in the fitness of sterile insects. The wild populations of melon fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett) and Oriental fruit fly,  Bactrocera dorsalis  (Hendel) were collected from pumpkin and mango fields, respectively. The laboratory populations of Z. cucurbitae and  B. dorsalis  were mass-reared on bottle gourd and sweet banana, respectively. Bacterial communities present in the gut of wild and mass-reared mature (~ 12 days old) and newly emerged (< 1 h after emergence) male and female adults of  Z. cucurbitae  and  B. dorsalis  were assessed. We used Illumina HiSeq next-generation sequencing of  16S rRNA  gene to profile the gut bacterial communities of wild and mass-reared mature and newly emerged  Z. cucurbitae  and  B. dorsalis  adults.    Results  We found diverse bacterial composition in the gut of wild and mass-reared  Z. cucurbitae  (ZC) and  B. dorsalis  (BD) with varied relative abundance. Few taxonomic groups were common to both the species. The most dominant phyla in all samples of  Z. cucurbitae  and  B. dorsalis  adults were Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. The phylum Proteobacteria occurred more in wild  Z. cucurbitae  (~ 87.72%) and  B. dorsalis  (~ 83.87%) as compared to mass-reared  Z. cucurbitae  (64.15%) and  B. dorsalis  (~ 80.96%). Higher relative abundance of Phylum Firmicutes was observed in mass-reared fruit fly than wild adults. Cyanobacteria/Chloroplast and Actinobacteria were also present with very low relative abundance in both wild as well as mass-reared melon fly and Oriental fruit fly. Enterobacteriaceae (61.21%) was dominant family in the gut of both wild and mass-reared adults.  Providencia  and  Lactococcus  were dominant genera with varied relative abundance in wild as well as in mass-reared mature and newly emerged fruit fly adults of both species. Some of the genera like  Morganella  and  Serratia  were only detected in mass-reared mature and newly emerged  Z. cucurbitae  and  B. dorsalis  adults. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) showed that fruit fly adult samples were grouped based on species and age of the adults while no grouping was observed on the basis of sex of the adult fruit fly.    Conclusions  The gut bacterial communities associated with wild and mass-reared mature and newly emerged adults of  Z. cucurbitae  and  B. dorsalis  showed variation that depends on species and age of the insects. Understanding the gut microbiota of wild and mass-reared  Z. cucurbitae  and  B. dorsalis  using high throughput technology will help to illustrate microbial diversity and this information could be used to develop efficient mass-rearing protocols for successful implementation of sterile insect technique (SIT).

Bacterial communities in the gut of wild and mass-reared Zeugodacus cucurbitae and Bactrocera dorsalis revealed by metagenomic sequencing