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Background  Biofilm production represents an important virulence and pathogenesis factor for  Staphylococcus aureus . The formation of biofilms on medical devices is a major concern in hospital environments, as they can become a constant source of infection. Probiotic bacteria, such as  Lactobacillus fermentum  and  L. plantarum , have been found to inhibit biofilm formation; however little is known about the underlying mechanism. In this study, we tested the activity of supernatants produced by  L. fermentum  TCUESC01 and  L. plantarum  TCUESC02, isolated during the fermentation of fine cocoa, against  S. aureus  CCMB262 biofilm production. We measured inhibition of biofilm formation in vitro and analyzed biofilm structure by confocal and electronic microscopy. Additionally, we quantified the expression of  S. aureus  genes  icaA  and  icaR  involved in the synthesis of the biofilm matrix by real-time PCR.    Results  Both  Lactobacillus  supernatants inhibited  S. aureus  growth. However, only  L. fermentum  TCUESC01 significantly reduced the thickness of the biofilm, from 14 μm to 2.83 μm (at 18 mg∙mL −1 , 90 % of the minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC), 3.12 μm (at 14 mg∙mL −1 , 70 % of the MIC), and 5.21 μm (at 10 mg∙mL −1 , 50 % of the MIC). Additionally,  L. fermentum  TCUESC01 supernatant modulated the expression of  icaA  and  icaR .    Conclusions    L. fermentum  TCUESC01 reduces the formation of  S. aureus  biofilm under subinhibitory conditions. Inhibition of biofilm production probably depends on modulation of the  ica  operon.

Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm by Lactobacillus isolated from fine cocoa