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Background   Salmonellae  are major worldwide zoonotic pathogens infecting a wide range of vertebrate species including humans. Consumption of contaminated dairy products and contact with dairy cattle represent a common source of non-typhoidal  Salmonella  infection in humans. Despite a large number of small-scale dairy farms in Addis Ababa and its surrounding districts, little is known about the status of  Salmonella  in these farms.    Results   Salmonella  was recovered from the feces of at least one animal in 7.6 % (10/132) of the dairy farms. Out of 1203 fecal samples examined, 30 were positive for  Salmonella  resulting in a weighted animal level prevalence of 2.3 %. Detection of diarrhea in an animal and in a farm was significantly associated with animal level ( p  = 0.012) and herd level ( p  < 0.001) prevalence of  Salmonella.  Animal level prevalence of  Salmonella  was significantly associated with age ( p  = 0.023) and study location; it was highest among those under 6 months of age and in farms from Adaa district and Addis Ababa ( p  < 0.001). Nine different serotypes were identified using standard serological agglutination tests. The most frequently recovered serotypes were  Salmonella  Typhimurium (23.3 %),  S . Saintpaul (20 %),  S . Kentucky (16.7 %) and  S . Virchow (16.7 %). All isolates were resistant or intermediately resistant to at least one of the 18 drugs tested. Twenty-six (86.7 %), 19 (63.3 %), 18 (60 %), 16 (53.3 %) of the isolates were resistant to streptomycin, nitrofurantoin, sulfisoxazole and tetracycline , respectively. Resistance to 2 drugs was detected in 27 (90 %) of the isolates. Resistance to 3 or more drugs was detected in 21 (70 %) of the isolates, while resistance to 7 or more drugs was detected in 11 (36.7 %) of the isolates. The rate of occurrence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in  Salmonella  strains isolated from dairy farms in Addis Ababa was significantly higher than those isolated from farms outside of Addis Ababa ( p  = 0.009). MDR was more common in  S.  Kentucky,  S.  Virchow and  S.  Saintpaul.    Conclusion  Isolation of  Salmonella  serotypes commonly known for causing human salmonellosis that are associated with an MDR phenotype in dairy farms in close proximity with human population is a major public health concern. These findings imply the need for a strict pathogen reduction strategy.

Fecal prevalence, serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonellae in dairy cattle in central Ethiopia