English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Background   Francisella tularensis , a gram-negative bacterium replicates intracellularly within macrophages and efficiently evades the innate immune response. It is able to infect and replicate within Kupffer cells, specialized tissue macrophages of the liver, and to modulate the immune response upon infection to its own advantage. Studies on  Francisella tularensis  liver infection were mostly performed in animal models and difficult to extrapolate to the human situation, since human infections and clinical observations are rare.    Results  Using a human co-culture model of macrophages and hepatocytes we investigated the course of infection of three  Francisella tularensis  strains (subspecies  holarctica  – wildtype and live vaccine strain, and  mediasiatica  - wildtype) and analyzed the immune response triggered upon infection. We observed that hepatocytes support the intracellular replication of  Franciscella  species in macrophages accompanied by a specific immune response inducing TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 and fractalkine (CX3CL1) secretion and the induction of apoptosis.    Conclusions  We could demonstrate that this human macrophage / hepatocyte co-culture model reflects strain-specific virulence of  Francisella tularensis . We developed a suitable tool for more detailed in vitro studies on the immune response upon liver cell infection by  F. tularensis .    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-015-0621-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc microbiology

A human macrophage – hepatocyte co-culture model for comparative studies of infection and replication of Francisella tularensis LVS strain and subspecies holarctica and mediasiatica