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Background  The nucleotide second messengers cAMP and c-di-GMP allow many bacteria, including the human intestinal pathogen  Vibrio cholerae , to respond to environmental stimuli with appropriate physiological adaptations. In response to limitation of specific carbohydrates, cAMP and its receptor CRP control the transcription of genes important for nutrient acquisition and utilization; c-di-GMP controls the transition between motile and sessile lifestyles often, but not exclusively, through transcriptional mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the convergence of cAMP and c-di-GMP signaling pathways in regulating the expression of  gbpA . GbpA is a colonization factor that participates in the attachment of  V. cholerae  to N-acetylglucosamine-containing surfaces in its native aquatic environment and the host intestinal tract.    Results  We show that c-di-GMP inhibits  gbpA  activation in a fashion independent of the known transcription factors that directly sense c-di-GMP. Interestingly, inhibition of  gbpA  activation by c-di-GMP only occurs during growth on non-PTS dependent nutrient sources. Consistent with this result, we show that CRP binds to the  gbpA  promoter in a cAMP-dependent manner  in vitro  and drives transcription of  gbpA in vivo . The interplay between cAMP and c-di-GMP does not broadly impact the CRP-cAMP regulon, but occurs more specifically at the  gbpA  promoter.    Conclusions  These findings suggest that c-di-GMP directly interferes with the interaction of CRP-cAMP and the  gbpA  promoter via an unidentified regulator. The use of two distinct second messenger signaling mechanisms to regulate  gbpA  transcription may allow  V. cholerae  to finely modulate GbpA production, and therefore colonization of aquatic and host surfaces, in response to discrete environmental stimuli.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-015-0506-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Two nucleotide second messengers regulate the production of the Vibrio cholerae colonization factor GbpA