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Background  A main export market for chicken meat from industrialized countries is sub-Saharan Africa. We hypothesized that antibiotic resistant bacteria could be exported to developing countries through chicken meat trade. The objective was to investigate the occurrence and molecular types of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae and  Staphylococcus aureus  in chicken meat in Gabon and to assess their dissemination among humans.    Results  Frozen chicken meat samples imported from industrialized countries to Gabon (n = 151) were screened for ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae and  S. aureus . Genotypes and resistance genes (SHV, TEM, CTX-M, CMY-2) of isolates from meat were compared with isolates derived from humans.  The contamination rate per chicken part (i. e. leg, wing) with ESBL-producing  Escherichia coli  (ESBL  E. coli , no other ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae were found) and  S. aureus  was 23% and 3%, respectively. The beta-lactamase CTX-M 1 was predominant in ESBL  E. coli  from meat samples but was not found in isolates from cases of human colonization or infection.  S. aureus  belonging to  spa  type t002 (multilocus sequence type ST5) were found both in chicken meat and humans.    Conclusion  There is a risk to import ESBL  E. coli  to Gabon but molecular differences between isolates from humans and chicken meat argue against a further dissemination. No MRSA isolate was detected in imported chicken meat.

The risk to import ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus aureus through chicken meat trade in Gabon