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Background  The MADS-box transcription factors are an ancient family of genes that regulate numerous physiological and biochemical processes in plants and facilitate the development of floral organs. However, the functions of most of these transcription factors in soybean remain unknown.    Results  In this work, a MADS-box gene,  GmAGL1 , was overexpressed in soybean. Phenotypic analysis showed that  GmAGL1  overexpression not only resulted in early maturation but also promoted flowering and affected petal development. Furthermore, the  GmAGL1  was much more effective at promoting flowering under long-day conditions than under short-day conditions. Transcriptome sequencing analysis showed that before flowering, the photoperiod pathway photoreceptor  CRY2  and several circadian rhythm genes, such as  SPA1 , were significantly down-regulated, while some other flowering-promoting circadian genes, such as  GI  and  LHY , and downstream genes related to flower development, such as  FT ,  LEAFY ,  SEP1 ,  SEP3 ,  FUL , and  AP1 , were up-regulated compared with the control. Other genes related to the flowering pathway were not noticeably affected.    Conclusions  The findings reported herein indicate that  GmAGL1  may promote flowering mainly through the photoperiod pathway. Interestingly, while overexpression of  GmAGL1  promoted plant maturity, no reduction in seed production or oil and protein contents was observed.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4402-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Soybean MADS-box gene GmAGL1 promotes flowering via the photoperiod pathway