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Background  NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are a family of cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), of which  NOD1  and  NOD2 , are the main representative members. Many investigations have focused on the role of  NOD1  and  NOD2  in the innate immune response in Cypriniformes and Siluriformes. As an important economic fish in Perciformes, little is known about the function of  NOD1  and  NOD2  in mandarinfish ( Siniperca chuatsi ).    Results  The full-length  NOD1  and  NOD2  cDNA sequence was obtained using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The mandarinfish  NOD1  and  NOD2  cDNA sequences contain 3247 bp and 3257 bp, and encode 918 amino acids and 988 amino acids, respectively. Multiple sequence alignments showed that mNOD1 and mNOD2 share high similarity with that from other vertebrates. RT-PCR analysis revealed that relatively high levels of m NOD1  and m NOD2  mRNA were detected in gill and head kidney tissues, compared with the heart, spleen, liver, muscle, and intestine. In addition, the relative levels of m NOD1  and m NOD2  transcripts were significantly upregulated in three tissues when the fishes were challenged with LPS and Poly I:C, interestingly, the  NOD1  mRNA got peaked earlier than  NOD 2 after LPS induction in the spleen, gill, and head kidney, and during Poly I:C treatment, the NOD2 mRNA got peaked at 8 h in spleen and gill, while  NOD1  showed significant higher expression at 24 h post infection, besides, in head kidney, the NOD2 mRNA showed a great increasing trend and  NOD1  got peaked at 16 h. Therefore the m NOD1  and m NOD2  may act differently within different tissues in different time during antiviral and antibacterial defense.    Conclusions  These results revealed the dynamic m NOD1  and m NOD2  expression during viral and bacterial infections, which suggested the  NOD1  and  NOD2  play important roles in innate immune of mandarinfish.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12863-018-0667-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The NOD1 and NOD2 in mandarinfish (Siniperca chuatsi): molecular characterization, tissue distribution, and expression analysis