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Background  Satellite DNA can make up a substantial fraction of eukaryotic genomes and has roles in genome structure and chromosome segregation. The rapid evolution of satellite DNA can contribute to genomic instability and genetic incompatibilities between species. Despite its ubiquity and its contribution to genome evolution, we currently know little about the dynamics of satellite DNA evolution. The  Responder  ( Rsp ) satellite DNA family is found in the pericentric heterochromatin of chromosome  2  of  Drosophila melanogaster. Rsp  is well-known for being the target of  Segregation Distorter  ( SD )— an autosomal meiotic drive system in  D. melanogaster . I present an evolutionary genetic analysis of the  Rsp  family of repeats in  D. melanogaster  and its closely-related species in the  melanogaster  group ( D. simulans, D. sechellia, D. mauritiana, D. erecta,  and  D. yakuba ) using a combination of available BAC sequences, whole genome shotgun Sanger reads, Illumina short read deep sequencing, and fluorescence in situ hybridization.    Results  I show that  Rsp  repeats have euchromatic locations throughout the  D. melanogaster  genome, that  Rsp  arrays show evidence for concerted evolution, and that  Rsp  repeats exist outside of  D. melanogaster,  in the  melanogaster  group. The repeats in these species are considerably diverged at the sequence level compared to  D. melanogaster,  and have a strikingly different genomic distribution, even between closely-related sister taxa.    Conclusions  The genomic organization of the  Rsp  repeat in the  D. melanogaster  genome is complex—it exists of large blocks of tandem repeats in the heterochromatin and small blocks of tandem repeats in the euchromatin. My discovery of heterochromatic  Rsp-like  sequences outside of  D. melanogaster  suggests that  SD  evolved after its target satellite and that the evolution of the  Rsp  satellite family is highly dynamic over a short evolutionary time scale (<240,000 years).    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-014-0233-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc evolutionary biology

The organization and evolution of the Responder satellite in species of the Drosophila melanogaster group: dynamic evolution of a target of meiotic drive