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Background  Bacteria of the order Rickettsiales ( Alphaproteobacteria ) are obligate intracellular parasites that infect species from virtually every major eukaryotic lineage. Several rickettsial genera harbor species that are significant emerging and re-emerging pathogens of humans. As species of Rickettsiales are associated with an extremely diverse host range, a better understanding of the historical associations between these bacteria and their hosts will provide important information on their evolutionary trajectories and, particularly, their potential emergence as pathogens.    Results  Nine species of Rickettsiales (two in the genus  Rickettsia , three in the genus  Anaplasma , and four in the genus  Ehrlichia ) were identified in two species of hard ticks ( Dermacentor nuttalli  and  Hyalomma asiaticum ) from two geographic regions in Xinjiang through genetic analyses of 16S rRNA,  gltA , and  groEL  gene sequences. Notably, two lineages of  Ehrlichia  and one lineage of  Anaplasma  were distinct from any known Rickettsiales, suggesting the presence of potentially novel species in ticks in Xinjiang. Our phylogenetic analyses revealed some topological differences between the phylogenies of the bacteria and their vectors, which led us to marginally reject a model of exclusive bacteria-vector co-divergence.    Conclusions  Ticks are an important natural reservoir of many diverse species of Rickettsiales. In this work, we identified a single tick species that harbors multiple species of Rickettsiales, and uncovered extensive genetic diversity of these bacteria in two tick species from Xinjiang. Both bacteria-vector co-divergence and cross-species transmission appear to have played important roles in Rickettsiales evolution.

Extensive diversity of Rickettsiales bacteria in two species of ticks from China and the evolution of the Rickettsiales