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The Ni 0.4 Cu 0.2 Zn 0.4  ferrites with different concentrations of Cr 3+  were synthesized at a low temperature (450°C) using sol–gel auto-combustion method. The X-ray diffraction analysis of the samples confirms the formation of a single-phase cubic spinel structure. The lattice constant decreases from 8.331 to 8.253 Å with an increase in Cr 3+  substitution. Bulk density decreases from 4.95 to 4.71 gm/cm 3  whereas porosity increases from 9.34% to 14.76% with an increase in Cr 3+  substitution. Transmission electron microscopy was adopted to determine the particle size. Particle size decreases from 19 to 13 nm with the addition of Cr 3+  ions. Saturation magnetization, coercivity, and other hysteresis parameters were measured using a vibrating sample magnetometer at room temperature with a maximum magnetic field of 8 kOe. Magnetization decreases from 62 to 48 emu/g, whereas coercivity increases from 65 to 180 Oe. The direct current (DC) resistivity increases from 3.62 × 10 6  to 4.21 × 10 6  Ω cm with Cr 3+  content  x . The dielectric constant ( ε ′ ) decreases with increasing concentration of Cr 3+  ions.

Influence of Cr3+ substitution on the electrical and magnetic properties of Ni0.4Cu0.4Zn0.2Fe2O4 nanoparticles