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The Gram-negative bacterium  Photorhabdus luminescens  which symbiotically associates with the entomopathogenic nematode  Heterorhabditis bacteriophora , has a broad insecticidal and nematicidal activity. The virulence of  P. luminescens  toward the non-mutualistic nematode  Caenorhabditis elegans  has not been described. We showed that when fed on  P. luminescens , the intestinal cells of  C. elegans  worms become delicate and some crystal-like structure was developed within the intestinal lumen. Next, we examined the requirement of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway against  P. luminescens . Depletion of  pmk-1  by RNAi enhances susceptibility to  P. luminescens , and numerous downstream targets regulated by the p38 MAPK pathway were induced when fed on  P. luminescens . On the other hand, knockdown of  daf-16  has no effects on  C. elegans  lifespan, but knockdown of  daf-2  dramatically increased resistance to  P. luminescens  in a  daf-16 -dependent manner. We also revealed one of the  daf-2  ligands  ins-7  was induced and  ins-7  deletion mutant survived longer when fed on  P. luminescens . These results suggest the p38 MAPK pathway is activated and required for the host defense against  P. luminescens . Insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway is inactivated by  P. luminescens  through the overexpression of insulin-like gene.   Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-274) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Activated and inactivated immune responses in Caenorhabditis elegans against Photorhabdus luminescens TT01