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Background  It is generally accepted that material collected by leaf-cutting ants of the genus  Acromyrmex  consists solely of plant matter, which is used in the nest as substrate for a symbiotic fungus providing nutrition to the ants. There is only one previous report of any leaf-cutting ant foraging directly on fungal basidiocarps.    Findings  Basidiocarps of  Psilocybe coprophila  growing on cow dung were actively collected by workers of  Acromyrmex lobicornis  in Santa Fé province, Argentina. During this behaviour the ants displayed typical signals of recognition and continuously recruited other foragers to the task. Basidiocarps of different stages of maturity were being transported into the nest by particular groups of workers, while other workers collected plant material.    Conclusions  The collection of mature basidiocarps with viable spores by leaf-cutting ants in nature adds substance to theories relating to the origin of fungiculture in these highly specialized social insects.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2193-1801-2-254) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Foraging of Psilocybe basidiocarps by the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex lobicornis in Santa Fé, Argentina