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Background  The objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility and the additional interest of a parametric imaging (PI) method to monitor the early tumour metabolic response in a prospective series of oesophageal cancer patients who underwent positron emission tomography with fluoro-2-deoxy- d -glucose (FDG-PET/CT) before and during curative-intent chemo-radiotherapy.    Methods  Fifty-seven patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oesophagus prospectively underwent FDG-PET/CT before chemo-radiotherapy (CRT) (PET 1 ) and at 21 ± 3 days after the beginning of CRT (PET 2 ). The outcome was assessed at 3 months and 1 year after the completion of CRT (clinical examination, CT scan or FDG-PET/CT, biopsy). For each patient, PET 1  and PET 2  were registered using CT images. The 2 PET image sets were subtracted, so the voxels with significant changes in FDG uptake were identified. A model-based analysis of this graph was used to identify the tumour voxels in which significant changes occurred between the two scans and yielded indices characterising these changes (green and red clusters). Quantitative parameters were compared with clinical outcome at 3 months and at 1 year.    Results  The baseline tumour FDG uptake decreased significantly at PET 2  ( p  < 0.0001). The tumour volume significantly decreased between PET 1  and PET 2  ( p  < 0.02). The initial functional volume of the lesion (TV 1 ) was significantly lower ( p  < 0.02) in patients in clinical response (CR) at 3 months and 1 year. The volume of the lesion during the treatment (TV 2 ) was significantly lower in patients identified as in CR at 3 months ( p  < 0.03), but did not predict the outcome at 1 year. Multivariate analyses of outcome at 3 months showed that the risk of failure/death increased with younger age ( p  = 0.001), larger metabolic volume on PET 1  ( p  = 0.009) and larger volume with decreased FDG uptake ( p  = 0.047). As for outcome at 1 year, the risk of failure/death increased with younger age ( p  = 0.006), nodal involvement ( p  = 0.08) and larger volumes with increased uptake ( p  = 0.03).    Conclusion  A parametric method to assess tumour response on serial FDG-PET performed during chemo-radiotherapy was evaluated. Early metabolic changes, i.e. variations in FDG uptake, provided additional prognostic information in multivariate analyses ClinicalTrials.gov NCT 00934505.    Trial registration  Current Controlled Trials  ISRCTN7824458

Monitoring tumour response during chemo-radiotherapy: a parametric method using FDG-PET/CT images in patients with oesophageal cancer