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Background  A through gut is present in almost all metazoans, and most likely represents an ancient innovation that enabled bilaterian animals to exploit a wide range of habitats. Molecular developmental studies indicate that  Fox  and  GATA  regulatory genes specify tissue regions along the gut tube in a broad diversity of taxa, although little is known about gut regionalization within the Lophotrochozoa. In this study, we isolated  FoxA  and  GATA456  orthologs and used whole mount  in situ  hybridization during larval gut formation in two marine worms: the segmented, polychaete annelid  Chaetopterus , which develops a planktotrophic larva with a tripartite gut, and the non-segmented sipunculan  Themiste lageniformis , which develops a lecithotrophic larva with a U-shaped gut.    Results   FoxA  and  GATA456  transcripts are predominantly restricted to gut tissue, and together show regional expression spanning most of the alimentary canal in each of these lophotrochozoans, although neither  FoxA  nor  GATA456  is expressed in the posterior intestine of  Chaetopterus . In both species,  FoxA  is expressed at the blastula stage, transiently in presumptive endoderm before formation of a definitive gut tube, and throughout early larval development in discrete foregut and hindgut domains.  GATA456  genes are expressed during endoderm formation, and in endoderm and mesoderm associated with the midgut in each species. Several species-specific differences were detected, including an overlap of  FoxA  and  GATA456  expression in the intestinal system of  Themiste , which is instead complimentary in  Chaetopterus . Other differences include additional discrete expression domains of  FoxA  in ectodermal trunk cells in  Themiste  but not  Chaetopterus , and expression of  GATA456  in anterior ectoderm and midgut cells unique to  Chaetopterus .    Conclusions  This study of gene expression in a sipunculan contributes new comparative developmental insights from lophotrochozoans, and shows that  FoxA  and  GATA456  transcription factors are part of an ancient patterning mechanism that was deployed during early evolution of the metazoan through gut. The common utilization of  FoxA  and  GATA456  throughout gut formation by species with contrasting life history modes indicates that both genes are core components of a gut-specific gene regulatory network in spiralians. Despite a highly conserved pattern of early development, and probably similar ontogenic origins of gut tissue, there are molecular differences in gut regionalization between lophotrochozoan species.

evodevo

Expression of FoxA and GATA transcription factors correlates with regionalized gut development in two lophotrochozoan marine worms: Chaetopterus (Annelida) and Themiste lageniformis (Sipuncula)