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Artículo de publicación ISIBackground: The Mediterranean zone of central Chile (30° to 38°S) is one of the 25 diversity hotspots in the world.However, there are few phylogeographic studies which identify the factors that have influenced populationdiversification in the fauna of this area. In this study, we investigated the phylogeographic structure of Rhinellaarunco, an anuran endemic to Mediterranean Chile, using 160 individuals from 23 localities representative of itsentire distribution (32° to 38°S).Results: The haplotype network revealed four haplogroups, three of which overlap geographically and only one ofwhich has an exclusive geographic distribution. An analysis of molecular variance indicated that neither watershedlimits nor the main rivers in the current distribution of this species have been important geographic barriers againstthe dispersion of individuals. Finally, the Geneland analysis showed three population units, one of which concurswith one of the haplogroups found in the haplotype network. Together, these analyses indicated a low level ofphylogeographic structure for this species. On the other hand, the highest levels of intrapopulational geneticvariation were concentrated in the central part of the distribution (33° to 34°S), which may indicate an effect ofPleistocene glaciations on the genetic diversity of the populations in the extreme south of its range.Conclusions: The low phylogeographic structure observed in R. arunco is a rarely documented pattern foramphibians and contrasts with the phylogeographic studies of other vertebrates which inhabit the same zone. Thisresult may be attributed to a series of attributes of bufonids, related mainly to water retention and theirreproductive biology, which have allowed them to disperse and colonize an enormous variety of environments

Low phylogeographic structure of Rhinella arunco (Anura: Bufonidae), an endemic amphibian from the Chilean Mediterranean hotspot