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Background  Many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria produce large quantities of indole as an intercellular signal in microbial communities. Indole demonstrated to affect gene expression in  Escherichia coli  as an intra-species signaling molecule. In contrast to  E. coli ,  Salmonella  does not produce indole because it does not harbor  tnaA , which encodes the enzyme responsible for tryptophan metabolism. Our previous study demonstrated that  E. coli -conditioned medium and indole induce expression of the AcrAB multidrug efflux pump in  Salmonella enterica  serovar Typhimurium for inter-species communication; however, the global effect of indole on genes in  Salmonella  remains unknown.    Results  To understand the complete picture of genes regulated by indole, we performed DNA microarray analysis of genes in the  S. enterica  serovar Typhimurium strain ATCC 14028s affected by indole. Predicted  Salmonella  phenotypes affected by indole based on the microarray data were also examined in this study. Indole induced expression of genes related to efflux-mediated multidrug resistance, including  ramA  and  acrAB , and repressed those related to host cell invasion encoded in the  Salmonella  pathogenicity island 1, and flagella production. Reduction of invasive activity and motility of  Salmonella  by indole was also observed phenotypically.    Conclusion  Our results suggest that indole is an important signaling molecule for inter-species communication to control drug resistance and virulence of  S. enterica .

Effects of indole on drug resistance and virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium revealed by genome-wide analyses