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Background  Although the  An. funestus  group conceals one of the major malaria vectors in Africa, little is known about the dynamics of members of this group across the continent. Here, we investigated the species composition, infection rate and susceptibility to insecticides of this species group in Uganda.    Methods  Indoor resting blood-fed Anopheles adult female mosquitoes were collected from 3 districts in Uganda. Mosquitoes morphologically belonging to the  An. funestus  group were identified to species by PCR. The sporozoite infection rates were determined by TaqMan and a nested PCR. Susceptibility to major insecticides was assessed using WHO bioassays. The potential role of four candidate resistance genes was assessed using qRT-PCR.    Results   An. funestus s.s . and  An. parensis , were the only members of the  An. funestus  group identified. Both species were sympatric in Masindi (North-West), whereas only  An. parensis  was present in Mityana (Central) and Ntungamo (South-West). The  Plasmodium falciparum  infection detected in  An. parensis  (4.2%) by TaqMan could not be confirmed by nested PCR, whereas the 5.3% infection in  An. funestus  s.s. was confirmed.  An. parensis  was susceptible to most insecticides, however, a moderate resistance was observed against deltamethrin and DDT. In the sympatric population of Masindi, resistance was observed to pyrethroids (permethrin and deltamethrin) and DDT, but all the resistant mosquitoes belonged to  An. funestus s.s . No significant over-expression was observed for the four P450 candidate genes CYP6M7, CYP9K1, CYP6P9 and CYP6AA4 between deltamethrin resistant and control  An. parensis . However, when compared with the susceptible FANG  An. funestus s.s  strain, the CYP9K1 is significantly over-expressed in  An. parensis  (15-fold change; P < 0.001), suggesting it could play a role in the deltamethrin resistance.    Conclusion  The contrasting infection rates and insecticide susceptibility profiles of both species highlights the importance of accurate species identification for successful vector control programs.

parasites and vectors

Contrasting Plasmodium infection rates and insecticide susceptibility profiles between the sympatric sibling species Anopheles parensis and Anopheles funestus s.s: a potential challenge for malaria vector control in Uganda