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Sand flies remain the only proven vectors of  Leishmania  spp. but recent implementation of PCR techniques has led to increasing speculation about "alternative vectors", including biting midges. Here, we summarize that PCR has considerable limits for studing the role of bloodsucking arthropods in the epidemiology of leishmaniasis. The  Leishmania  life cycle in the sand fly includes a complex series of interactions which are in many cases species-specific, the early phase of the infection is, however, non-specific to sand flies. These facts should be considered in detection of  Leishmania  in ,"alternative" or "new" vectors to avoid mistaken speculation about their vector competence.

Speculations on biting midges and other bloodsucking arthropods as alternative vectors of Leishmania