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Background  A dynamic study on the transmission of malaria was conducted in two areas (R +  area: Low resistance area; R +++  area: High resistance area) in the department of Plateau in South Eastern Benin, where the population is protected by Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs). The aim of this study was to determine if the resistance of malaria vectors to insecticides has an impact on their behavior and on the effectiveness of LLINs in the reduction of malaria transmission.    Methods  Populations of  Anopheles gambiae s.l.  were sampled monthly by human landing catch in the two areas to evaluate human biting rates (HBR). Collected mosquitoes were identified morphologically and female  Anopheles  mosquitoes were tested for the presence of  Plasmodium falciparum  antigen as assessed using ELISA. The entomological inoculation rate (EIR) was also calculated (EIR = HBR x sporozoitic index [S]). We estimated the parity rate by dissecting the females of  An. gambiae . Finally, window catch and spray catch were conducted in order to assess the blood feeding rate and the exophily rate of vectors.    Results  After 6 months of tracking the mosquito's behavior in contact with the LLINs (Olyset) in R +++  and R +  areas, the entomological indicators of the transmission of malaria (parity rate and sporozoitic index) were similar in the two areas. Also,  An. gambiae  populations showed the same susceptibility to  P. falciparum  in both R +  and R +++  areas. The EIR and the exophily rate are higher in R +  area than in R +++  area. But the blood-feeding rate is lower in R +  area comparing to R +++ .    Conclusion  The highest entomological inoculation rate observed in R +  area is mostly due to the strong aggressive density of  An. gambiae  recorded in one of the study localities. On the other hand, the highest exophily rate and the low blood-feeding rate recorded in R +  area compared to R +++  area are not due to the resistance status of  An. gambiae , but due to the differences in distribution and availability of breeding sites for  Anopheles  mosquitoes between areas. However, this phenomenon is not related to the resistance status, but is related to the environment instead.

Impact of operational effectiveness of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) on malaria transmission in pyrethroid-resistant areas