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Background  Most filarial species in the genus  Onchocerca  depend on  Wolbachia  endobacteria to successfully carry out their life cycle.  O. flexuosa  is a  Wolbachia -free species, but its genome contains  Wolbachia -like sequences presumably obtained from  Wolbachia  via horizontal gene transfer. Proteogenomic studies have shown that many of these  Wolbachia -like sequences are expressed in adult worms.    Methods  Six  Wolbachia -like sequences in  O. flexuosa  were chosen for further study based on their sequence conservation with  Wolbachia  genes, length of predicted open reading frames, and expression at the RNA and/or protein levels.  In situ  hybridization and immunohistochemical labeling were used to localize  Wolbachia -like transcripts and peptides in adult worm tissues.    Results  RNA probes representing three of the six target sequences produced hybridization signals in worm tissues. These probes bound to transcripts in the intestine and lateral chords of both sexes, in the hypodermis, median chords and uteri in females, and in sperm precursor cells in males. Antibodies raised to three peptides corresponding to these transcripts bound to specific bands in a soluble extract of adult  O. flexuosa  by Western blot that were not labeled by control antibodies in pre-immune serum. Two of the three antibodies produced labeling patterns in adult worm sections that were similar to those of the RNA probes, while the third produced a different pattern.    Conclusions  A subset of the  Wolbachia -like sequences present in the genome of the  Wolbachia -free filarial species  O. flexuosa  are transcribed in tissues where  Wolbachia  reside in infected filarial species. Some of the peptides and/or proteins derived from these transcripts appear to be concentrated in the same tissues while others may be exported to other regions of the worm. These results suggest that horizontally transferred  Wolbachia  genes and gene products may replicate important  Wolbachia  functions in uninfected filarial worms.

Localization of Wolbachia-like gene transcripts and peptides in adult Onchocerca flexuosa worms indicates tissue specific expression