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Background  We examined the uptake and sorption of aluminium (Al) and fluoride (F) by green algae under conditions similar to those found in the effluents of the aluminium industry. We took into account the speciation of Al in the medium since Al can form stable complexes with F and these complexes may play a role in the uptake and sorption of Al. We compared the capacity of four species of green algae (i.e.  Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ,  Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata ,  Chlorella vulgaris,  and  Scenedesmus obliquus ) to accumulate and adsorb Al and F. The selected algae were exposed during 4 days, covering all growth phases of algae, to a synthetic medium containing Al and F at pH 7.0. During this period, dissolved Al as well as cellular growth were followed closely. At the end of the exposure period, the solutions were filtered in order to harvest the algal cells. The cells were then rinsed with enough ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid to remove loosely bound ions from the algal surface, determined from the filtrates. Finally, the filters were digested in order to quantify cellular uptake.    Results  Little difference in Al removal was observed between species. Aluminium sorption (15%) and uptake (26%) were highest in  P. subcapitata , followed by  C. reinhardtii  (7% and 17% respectively),  S. obliquus  (13% and 5%), and  C. vulgaris  (7% and 2%). However, none of these species showed significant uptake or sorption of F. We also studied the influence of pH on the uptake and sorption of Al and F by  P. subcapitata.  We measured a combined uptake and sorption of Al of 50% at pH 7.5, of 41% at pH 7.0, and of 4% at pH 5.5. Thus, accumulation was reduced with acidification of the medium as expected by the increased competition with protons and possibly by a reduced bioavailability of the Al-F complexes which dominated the solution at low pH.    Conclusion  Out of the four tested species,  P. subcapitata  showed the highest sorption of aluminium and fluoride under our test conditions. These results provide key information on the development of an environmental biotechnology which can be applied to industrial effluents.

Uptake and sorption of aluminium and fluoride by four green algal species