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Background  The aim of the present study was to investigate biochemical and oxidative stress responses to experimental  F. tularensis  infection in European brown hares, an important source of human tularemia infections.    Methods  For these purposes we compared the development of an array of biochemical parameters measured in blood plasma using standard procedures of dry chemistry as well as electrochemical devices following a subcutaneous infection with a wild  Francisella tularensis  subsp.  holarctica  strain (a single dose of 2.6 × 10 9  CFU  pro toto ).    Results  Subcutaneous inoculation of a single dose with 2.6 × 10 9  colony forming units of a wild  F. tularensis  strain  pro toto  resulted in the death of two out of five hares. Plasma chemistry profiles were examined on days 2 to 35 post-infection. When compared to controls, the total protein, urea, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were increased, while albumin, glucose and amylase were decreased. Both uric and ascorbic acids and glutathione dropped on day 2 and then increased significantly on days 6 to 12 and 6 to 14 post-inoculation, respectively. There was a two-fold increase in lipid peroxidation on days 4 to 8 post-inoculation.    Conclusions  Contrary to all expectations, the present study demonstrates that the European brown hare shows relatively low susceptibility to tularemia. Therefore, the circumstances of tularemia in hares under natural conditions should be further studied.

Biochemical responses and oxidative stress in Francisella tularensis infection: a European brown hare model