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Background  New kinds of knowledge, usage patterns and management strategies of natural resources emerge in local communities as a way of coping with uncertainty in a changing world. Studying how human groups adapt and create new livelihoods strategies are important research topics for creating policies in natural resources management. Here, we study the adoption and development of  lagartos  ( Crocodylus moreletii ) commercial hunting by Mayan people from a communal land in Quintana Roo state. Two questions guided our work: how did the Mayan learn to hunt  lagartos ? And how, and in what context, did knowledge and management practices emerge? We believe that social structures, knowledge and preexisting skills facilitate the hunting learning process, but  lagarto  ecological knowledge and organizational practice were developed in a “learning by doing” process.    Methods  We conducted free, semi-structured and in-depth interviews over 17 prestigious  lagartos  hunters who reconstructed the activity through oral history. Then, we analyzed the sources of information and routes of learning and investigated the role of previous knowledge and social organization in the development of this novel activity. Finally, we discussed the emergence of hunting in relation to the characteristic of natural resource and the tenure system.    Results   Lagarto  hunting for skin selling was a short-term activity, which represented an alternative source of money for some Mayans known as  lagarteros . They acquired different types of knowledge and skills through various sources of experience (individual practice, or from foreign hunters and other Mayan hunters). The developed management system involved a set of local knowledge about  lagartos  ecology and a social organization structure that was then articulated in the formation of “working groups” with particular hunting locations ( rumbos  and  trabajaderos ), rotation strategies and collaboration among them. Access rules and regulations identified were in an incipient state of development and were little documented.    Conclusions  In agreement to the hypothesis proposed, the Mayan used multiple learning paths to develop a new activity: the  lagarto  hunting. On the one hand, they used their traditional social organization structure as well as their culturally inherited knowledge. On the other hand, they acquired new ecological knowledge of the species in a learning-by-doing process, together with the use of other sources of external information.  The formation of working groups, the exchange of information and the administration of hunting locations are similar to other productive activities and livelihood practiced by these Mayan. Skills such as preparing skins and  lagartos  ecological knowledge were acquired by foreign hunters and during hunting practice, respectively. We detected a feedback between local ecological knowledge and social organization, which in turn promoted the emergence of Mayan hunting management practices.

journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine

Learning to hunt Crocodiles: social organization in the process of knowledge generation and the emergence of management practices among Mayan of Mexico