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<p>Abstract</p> <p>The moderate halophile <it>Halobacillus halophilus </it>is the paradigm for chloride dependent growth in prokaryotes. Recent experiments shed light on the molecular basis of the chloride dependence that is reviewed here. In the presence of moderate salinities <it>Halobacillus halophilus </it>mainly accumulates glutamine and glutamate to adjust turgor. The transcription of <it>glnA2 </it>(encoding a glutamine synthetase) as well as the glutamine synthetase activity were identified as chloride dependent steps. <it>Halobacillus halophilus </it>switches its osmolyte strategy and produces proline as the main compatible solute at high salinities. Furthermore, <it>Halobacillus halophilus </it>also shifts its osmolyte strategy at the transition from the exponential to the stationary phase where proline is exchanged by ectoine. Glutamate was found as a “second messenger” essential for proline production. This observation leads to a new model of sensing salinity by sensing the physico-chemical properties of different anions.</p

Regulation of osmoadaptation in the moderate halophile Halobacillus halophilus: chloride, glutamate and switching osmolyte strategies