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Background  Grapevine is subjected to numerous pests and diseases resulting in the use of phytochemicals in large quantities. The will to decrease the use of phytochemicals leads to attempts to find alternative strategies, implying knowledge of defence mechanisms. Numerous studies have led to the identification of signalling pathways and regulatory elements involved in defence in various plant species. Nonexpressor of Pathogenesis Related 1 (NPR1) is an important regulatory component of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in  Arabidopsis thaliana .    Results  Two putative homologs of  NPR1  gene were found in the two sequenced grapevine genomes available in the Genoscope database for line 40024 and in the IASMA database for Pinot noir ENTAV 115. We named these two  NPR1  genes of  Vitis vinifera  :  VvNPR1.1  and  VvNPR1.2 . A PCR-based strategy with primers designed on exons was used to successfully amplify  NPR1  gene fragments from different  Vitaceae  accessions. Sequence analyses show that  NPR1.1  and  NPR1.2  are highly conserved among the different accessions not only  V. vinifera  cultivars but also other species. We report nucleotide polymorphisms in  NPR1.1  and  NPR1.2  from fifteen accessions belonging to the  Vitaceae  family. The ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous nucleotide substitutions determines the evolutionary pressures acting on the  Vitaceae NPR1  genes. These genes appear to be experiencing purifying selection. In some of the species we have analysed one of the two alleles of  NPR1.1  contains a premature stop codon. The deduced amino acid sequences share structural features with known NPR1-like proteins: ankyrin repeats, BTB/POZ domains, nuclear localization signature and cysteines. Phylogenetic analyses of deduced amino acid sequences show that VvNPR1.1 belongs to a first group of NPR1 proteins known as positive regulators of SAR and VvNPR1.2 belongs to a second group of NPR1 proteins whose principal members are AtNPR3 and AtNPR4 defined as negative regulators of SAR.    Conclusion  Our study shows that  NPR1.1  and  NPR1.2  are highly conserved among different accessions in the  Vitaceae  family. VvNPR1.1 and VvNPR1.2 are phylogenetically closer to the group of positive or negative SAR regulators respectively.    Reviewers  This article was reviewed by Fyodor Kondrashov, Purificación López-García and George V. Shpakovski.

Low level of polymorphism in two putative NPR1 homologs in the Vitaceae family