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Here we propose a generic mechanism - networked buffering - for generatingrobust traits in complex systems that requires two basic conditions to besatisfied: 1) agents are versatile enough to perform more than one singlefunctional role within a system and 2) agents are degenerate, i.e. there existspartial overlap in the functional capabilities of agents. Given theseprerequisites, degenerate systems can readily produce a distributed systemicresponse to local perturbations. Reciprocally, excess resources related to asingle function can indirectly support multiple unrelated functions within adegenerate system. In models of genome:proteome mappings for which distributeddecision-making and modularity of genetic functions are assumed, we verify thatsuch distributed compensatory effects cause enhanced robustness of systemtraits. The conditions needed to achieve the networked buffering behavior arenot demanding or rare, leading us to conjecture that degeneracy mayfundamentally underpin distributed robustness within several biologicalsystems. We further argue that degenerate forms of distributed robustness mayreadily arise in other disciplines. For instance, it may allow for new insightsinto systems engineering and planning activities that occur under highuncertainty. We also speculate that the proposed hypothesis helps to explainrecent developments in understanding the origins of resilience within complexecosystems.

Networked buffering: a basic mechanism for distributed robustness in complex adaptive systems