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Background  Flowering plant development is wholly reliant on growth from meristems, which contain totipotent cells that give rise to all post-embryonic organs in the plant. Plants are uniquely able to alter their development throughout their lifespan through the generation of new organs in response to external signals. To identify genes that regulate meristem-based growth, we considered homologues of Raptor proteins, which regulate cell growth in response to nutrients in yeast and metazoans as part of a signaling complex with the  t arget  o f  r apamycin (TOR) kinase.    Results  We identified  AtRaptor1A  and  AtRaptor1B , two loci predicted to encode Raptor proteins in Arabidopsis. Disruption of  AtRaptor1B  yields plants with a wide range of developmental defects: roots are thick and grow slowly, leaf initiation and bolting are delayed and the shoot inflorescence shows reduced apical dominance.  AtRaptor1A AtRaptor1B  double mutants show normal embryonic development but are unable to maintain post-embryonic meristem-driven growth.  AtRaptor  transcripts accumulate in dividing and expanding cells and tissues.    Conclusion  The data implicate the TOR signaling pathway, a major regulator of cell growth in yeast and metazoans, in the maintenance of growth from the shoot apical meristem in plants. These results provide insights into the ways in which TOR/Raptor signaling has been adapted to regulate plant growth and development, and indicate that in plants, as in other eukaryotes, there is some Raptor-independent TOR activity.

The Arabidopsis AtRaptor genes are essential for post-embryonic plant growth