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Background  The embryonic temporal regulator  FUSCA3  ( FUS3 ) plays major roles in the establishment of embryonic leaf identity and the regulation of developmental timing. Loss-of-function mutations of this B3 domain transcription factor result in replacement of cotyledons with leaves and precocious germination, whereas constitutive misexpression causes the conversion of leaves into cotyledon-like organs and delays vegetative and reproductive phase transitions.    Results  Herein we show that activation of FUS3 after germination dampens the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis and response to the plant hormone ethylene, whereas a loss-of-function  fus3  mutant shows many phenotypes consistent with increased ethylene signaling. This  FUS3 -dependent regulation of ethylene signaling also impinges on timing functions outside embryogenesis. Loss of  FUS3  function results in accelerated vegetative phase change, and this is again partially dependent on functional ethylene signaling. This alteration in vegetative phase transition is dependent on both embryonic and vegetative  FUS3  function, suggesting that this important transcriptional regulator controls both embryonic and vegetative developmental timing.    Conclusion  The results of this study indicate that the embryonic regulator  FUS3  not only controls the embryonic-to-vegetative phase transition through hormonal (ABA/GA) regulation but also functions postembryonically to delay vegetative phase transitions by negatively modulating ethylene-regulated gene expression.

bmc biology

The embryonic leaf identity gene FUSCA3 regulates vegetative phase transitions by negatively modulating ethylene-regulated gene expression in Arabidopsis